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The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, and Wales. They have won this championship on 26 occasions, 12 times winning the Grand Slam, making them the joint most successful team in the tournament's history. They are ranked eighth in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 1 November 2015. England are the first, and to date the only, team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup, when they won the tournament back in 2003. They were also runners-up in 1991 and 2007. The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match, losing to Scotland by one goal. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship (now the Six Nations) which started in 1883. Following the schism of rugby football in 1895, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, and Australia in 1909. England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Grand Slam, England won that year's World Cup – beating Australia 20–17 in extra time. They also contested the final in 2007, losing 15–6 to South Africa. England players traditionally wear a white shirt with a Rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts, and navy blue socks with a white trim. Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910. The team is administered by the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame; one of these is also a member of the IRB Hall of Fame. Seven other former players are members of the IRB Hall—four solely for their accomplishments as players, two solely for their achievements in other roles in the sport, and one for achievements both as a player and administrator. == History == (詳細はPublic Schools, especially Rugby, who, upon finishing school, took the game with them to universities, to London, and to the counties.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Origins of Rugby )〕 England's first international match was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Rugby 1871–1888 )〕 Not only was this match England's first, but it also proved to be the first ever rugby union international.〔 Scotland won the match by a goal and a try to a try,〔Marshall, Francis, ''Football; the Rugby union game'', page 140, (1892) (London Paris Melbourne, Cassell and company, limited)〕〔Lewis, Steve, ''One Among Equals'', p274 (2008) (Vertical Editions)〕 in front of a crowd of 4,000 people at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical Rugby Milestones – 1870s )〕 A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872 which saw England defeat Scotland by a goal, a drop goal and two tries to one drop goal.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=England vs Scotland > Games Played )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=5 February 1872 – The Oval, London, England )〕 In those early days there was no points system, it was only after 1890 that a format allowing the introduction of a points system was provided.〔 Up until 1875 international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored (conversions and dropped goals), but from 1876 the number of tries scored could be used to decide a match if teams were level on goals. In 1875, England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval, winning by one goal, one drop goal and one try to nil;〔 the match was Ireland's first ever Test.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=15 February 1875 – The Oval, London, England )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ireland > Games Played )〕 England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=28 February 1880 Whalley Range, Manchester, England. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical Rugby Milestones – 1880s )〕 Their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardson's Field in Blackheath.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=19 February 1881 Richardsons Field, Blackheath, England. )〕 England recorded their largest victory, defeating the Welsh by seven goals, six tries, and one drop goal to nil〔 and scoring 13 tries in the process.〔 The subsequent meeting the following year at St Helens in Swansea was a closer contest; with England winning by two goals and four tries to nil〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=16 December 1882 St Helens, Swansea, Wales. )〕 Two years later, the first Home Nations championship was held and England emerged as the inaugural winners. In 1889, England played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the ''New Zealand Natives'' by one goal and four tries to nil〔 at Rectory Field in Blackheath.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Unsporting behaviour? – the New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888/89 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Matches played – New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888/89 )〕 In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=6 Nations History )〕 England first played New Zealand (the All Blacks) in 1905. The All Blacks scored five tries, worth three points at this time, to win 15–0.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=6th All Black Test : 79th All Black Game )〕 The following year, they played France for the first time, and later that year they first faced South Africa (known as the ''Springboks''); James Peters was withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player. The match was drawn 3–3. England first played France in 1905, and Australia (known as the ''Wallabies'') in 1909 when they were defeated 9–3.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical Rugby Milestones 1900s )〕 The year 1909 saw the opening of Twickenham as the RFU's new home, which heralded a golden era for English rugby union. England's first international at Twickenham brought them victory over Wales, and England went on to win the International Championship (then known as the Five Nations) for the first time since the great schism of 1895. Although England did not retain the title in 1911, they did share it in 1912. A Five Nations Grand Slam was then achieved in 1913 and 1914 as well as in 1921 following the First World War. England subsequently won the Grand Slam in 1924 and as well as in 1925.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=6 Nations History )〕 This was despite having started 1925 with a loss to the All Black ''Invincibles'' in front of 60,000 fans at Twickenham.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=30th All Black Test : 199th All Black Game )〕 After winning another Grand Slam in 1928, England played the Springboks in front of 70,000 spectators at Twickenham in 1931. Following the ejection of France due to professionalism in 1930, which thus reverted The Five Nations back to the Home Nations tournament, England went on to win the 1934 and 1937 Home Nations with a ''Triple Crown'',〔A Triple Crown is when a Home Nation defeats the other three in one tournament.〕 and in 1935 achieved their first victory over the All Blacks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=52nd All Black Test: 311th All Black Game )〕〔Polanski (2003), pg 38–39.〕 When the Five Nations resumed with the re-admission of France in 1947 after the Second World War, England shared the championship with Wales. The early Five Nations competitions of the 1950s were unsuccessful for England, winning one match in the 1950 and 1951 championships.〔 England won the 1953 Five Nations, and followed this up with a Grand Slam in 1957, and win in 1958. England broke France's four-championship streak by winning the 1963 Championship.〔 After this victory, England played three Tests in the Southern Hemisphere and lost all three: 21–11 and 9–6 against the All Blacks, and 18–9 against Australia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Teams > England > Games Played )〕 England did not win a single match in 1966, and managed only a draw with Ireland. They did not win another Championship that decade; a fact that prompted amateur historian F. W. P. Syms to declare this period 'the sorriest in English Rugby Union History'.〔Owen, N.S., ''Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: A Concise History of the England National Rugby Union Team'' (London, 2014)〕 Don White was appointed as England's first-ever coach in 1969. According to former Northampton player Bob Taylor, "Don was chosen because he was the most forward-thinking coach in England".〔 His first match in charge was an 11–8 victory over South Africa at Twickenham in 1969. Of the eleven games England played with White in charge they won three, and drew one and lost seven. He resigned as England coach in 1971. England had wins against Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1970s; with victories over South Africa in 1972, New Zealand in 1973 and Australia in 1973 and 1976. The 1972 Five Nations Championship was not completed due to the Troubles in Northern Ireland when Scotland and Wales refused to play their Five Nations away fixtures in Ireland. England played in Dublin in 1973 and were given a standing ovation lasting five minutes. After losing 18–9 at Lansdowne Road, the England captain, John Pullin famously stated, "We might not be very good but at least we turned up." England started the following decade with a Grand Slam victory in the 1980 Five Nations – their first for 23 years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= 1980 Grand Slam by James Owen. )〕 However in the 1983 Five Nations Championship, England failed to win a game and picked up the wooden spoon. In the first Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia, England were grouped in pool A alongside Australia, Japan and the United States. England lost their first game 19–6 against Australia. They went on to defeat Japan and the United States, and met Wales in their quarter-final, losing the match 16–3.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1987 Rugby World Cup Results )〕 In 1989, England won matches against Romania and Fiji, followed by victories in their first three Five Nations games of 1990. They lost to Scotland in their last game however, giving Scotland a Grand Slam. England recovered in the following year by winning their first Grand Slam since 1980. England hosted the 1991 World Cup and were in pool A, along with the All Blacks, Italy and the United States. Although they lost to the All Blacks in pool play, they qualified for a quarter-final going on to defeat France 19–10. England then defeated Scotland 9–6 to secure a place in the final against Australia which they lost 12–6.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1991 Rugby World Cup Results )〕 The next year, England completed another Grand Slam and did not lose that year, including a victory over the Springboks. In the lead up to the 1995 World Cup in South Africa, England completed another Grand Slam – their third in five years. In the World Cup, England defeated Argentina, Italy and Samoa in pool play and then defeated Australia 25–22 in their quarter-final. England's semi-final was dominated by the All Blacks and featured four tries, now worth five points each, by Jonah Lomu; England lost 45–29.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=289th All Black Test : 992nd All Black Game )〕 They then lost the third/fourth place play-off match against France.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1995 Rugby World Cup Results )〕 In 1997, Clive Woodward became England's coach. That year, England drew with New Zealand at Twickenham after being heavily defeated in Manchester the week before. England toured Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in 1998. Many of the England team made themselves unavailable for the tour nicknamed the "tour from hell" where England were beaten 76–0 by the Wallabies. In 1999 during the last ever Five Nations match, Scott Gibbs sliced through six English tackles to score in the last minute, and the last ever Five Nations title went to Scotland. England commenced the new decade by winning the inaugural Six Nations title. In 2001, Ireland defeated England 20–14 in a postponed match at Lansdowne Road to deny them a Grand Slam. Although the 2002 Six Nations Championship title was won by France, England had the consolation of winning the Triple Crown. In 2002, England defeated Argentina in Buenos Aires, and then a second string All Blacks, Australia, and South Africa at Twickenham. In 2003, England won the Grand Slam for the first time since 1995, followed by wins over Australia and the All Blacks on their Summer tour in June. Going into the 2003 World Cup, England were one of the tournament favourites. They reached the final on 22 November 2003 against Australia and became World champions after a match-winning drop goal by Jonny Wilkinson in extra time that made the final score 20–17. On 8 December, the English team greeted 750,000 supporters on their victory parade through London before meeting Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. In the 2004 Six Nations Championship, England lost to both France and Ireland and finished third. Sir Clive Woodward resigned on 2 September and Andy Robinson was appointed England head coach. Robinson's first Six Nations campaign in 2005 resulted in fourth place for England, and although they then defeated Australia 26–16, the year was completed with a 23–19 loss to the All Blacks. Following their loss to South Africa in the 2006 end of year Tests, England had lost eight of their last nine Tests – their worst ever losing streak. Coach Andy Robinson resigned after this run, and attack coach Brian Ashton was appointed head coach in December 2006. England started the 2007 Six Nations Championship with a Calcutta Cup victory over Scotland. The championship also included a historic match at Croke Park against Ireland which England lost 43–13, their heaviest ever defeat to Ireland. In the 2007 World Cup England played in Pool A with Samoa, Tonga, South Africa and the United States. They qualified for the quarter finals after losing embarrassingly to South Africa 36–0 where they defeated Australia 12–10, and then faced hosts France in their semi final. England won 14–9 to qualify for the final against South Africa, which they lost 15–6. England followed up the World Cup with two consecutive 2nd place finishes in the Six Nations, behind Wales and Ireland respectively. The 2009 Six Nations also saw former England Captain Martin Johnson take up the job of Head Coach. However, Johnson could not replicate his on-field success to management, and resigned in November 2011 following a miserable 2011 Rugby World Cup which ended in quarter-final defeat by France and featured a series of on and off-field controversies. On 29 March 2012, Stuart Lancaster, the former Elite Rugby Director at Leeds Carnegie was appointed England head coach by the Rugby Football Union. Previously Lancaster was appointed as the head coach on a short term basis assisted by existing forwards coach Graham Rowntree and Andy Farrell. Lancaster was considered a success in his first campaign as England coach - during the 2012 Six Nations Championship, defending Champions England finished in second place after losing 19–12 to Wales at Twickenham Stadium, but successfully defended the Calcutta Cup beating Scotland 13–6 at Murrayfield. England finished the year on a high, after outplaying World Cup holders New Zealand in November, in which England dominated to win 38–21. The All Blacks had been unbeaten in 20 matches but were completely outplayed by England. During the 2013 Six Nations Championship again England finished in second place behind Wales after losing the opportunity of being Grand Slam winners for the first time since 2003, by losing to Wales in Cardiff 30–3. It was also the first time every team managed to win at least 3 competition points (the equivalent of a win and a draw or three draws) since 1974. However, England did again defeat Scotland for the Calcutta Cup 38–18 at Twickenham. During the 2013 summer tour to South America in which Lancaster took an experimental side, England beat a South American select XV before a 2–0 series victory over Argentina, a first away series win against The Pumas for 32 years. England hosted the 2015 Rugby World Cup but were eliminated in the Pool stage. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「England national rugby union team」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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